BRI Asian Countries 一带一路亚洲国家 45 | Syria 叙利亚
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The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in Western Asia. It bounded by Lebanon to the southwest, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, Israel to the southwest, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The capital city of Syria is Damascus and its official language is Arabic.
叙利亚是西亚的国家，它西南与黎巴嫩接壤，北接土耳其，东与伊拉克交界，南接约旦，西南与以色列接壤，西滨地中海。叙利亚首都是大马士革，官方语言是阿拉伯语。
National Flag 国旗
The national flag of Syria has three horizontal stripes, red, white, and black from top to bottom respectively. At the center of the flag on the white stripe, there are two five pointed green stars.
叙利亚国旗自上而下分别有红、白、黑三条横条。在白条旗的中心，有两颗五角的绿色星星。
National Anthem 国歌
The national anthem of Syria is "Ḥumāt ad-Diyār" which translates to “Guardians of the Homeland.”
叙利亚国歌是“Ḥumāt ad Diyār”，意为“祖国的守护者”。
Currency 货币
The currency used in Syria is Syrian Pound.
叙利亚使用的货币是叙利亚镑。
Damascus 大马士革
Damascus is also known as the “City of Jasmine” and the “Pearl of the East,” it is a major cultural center of the country. The city has gone through thousands of years of successive civilizations from the Egyptians, Muslims, Crusaders, Ottomans, French, etc. to the modern Arab era.
大马士革又被称为“茉莉花之城”和“东方明珠”，是该国一个重要的文化中心。从埃及人、穆斯林、十字军、奥斯曼人、法国人等，到现代阿拉伯时代，这座城市经历了数千年的连续文明。
Aleppo 阿勒颇
Aleppo is Syria’s second largest city, it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It is estimated that it has been inhabited since the 6th millennium B.C. The city is located strategically on the trading location between the modern Iraq and the Mediterranean Sea.
阿勒颇是叙利亚第二大城市，是世界上最古老的有人居住的城市之一。据估计，这座城市从公元前六千年就开始有人居住了。这座城市战略上位于现代伊拉克和地中海之间的贸易区。
The construction of the Suez Canal in eighteen sixty-nine diverted the trade route to the sea, this had huge effect on Aleppo’s economy. Aleppo is also a major center of Arabic traditional and classical music.
1869年苏伊士运河的修建使贸易路线改道出海，这对阿勒颇的经济产生了巨大影响。阿勒颇也是阿拉伯传统和古典音乐的主要中心。
Homs 霍姆斯
Homs used to be a major industrial center before the Syrian civil war. During the Emasany dynasty, the city was a center of worship for the sun god El-Gabal. Much of the city has been destroyed because of the civil war.
霍姆斯在叙利亚内战前曾是一个主要的工业中心。在Emasany王朝，这座城市曾是太阳神El-Gabal的崇拜中心。由于内战，这座城市的大部分地区都被毁了。
Natural Resources 自然资源
Major natural resources in Syria are oil, natural gas, and fertile land. Before the civil war began, agriculture and oil contributed almost half of the country’s GDP. Since the outbreak of the war, Syria has suffered economic sanctions restricting trade with the EU, the Arab league, and many other countries.
叙利亚的主要自然资源是石油、天然气和肥沃的土地。内战爆发前，农业和石油几乎占到了该国国内生产总值的一半。自战争爆发以来，叙利亚遭受经济制裁，限制了与欧盟、阿盟和许多其他国家的贸易。
People 人民
As of May 2020, the population of Syria is 17,440,466, based on projections of the latest United Nations data. Ethnic Syrians are of Semitic origins. The country's population is 90% Muslim--74% Sunni, and 16% other Muslim groups, including the Alawi, Shi'a, and Druze--and 10% Christian. There is also a small Syrian Jewish community.
根据联合国最新数据预测，截至2020年5月，叙利亚人口为一千七百四十四万零四百六十六人。叙利亚人属于闪族血统。90%的人口是穆斯林，其中74%是逊尼派，16%是其他穆斯林群体，包括阿拉维、什叶派和德鲁兹派，另外个10%是基督教徒。还有一个小叙利亚犹太人社区。
Brief History 简史
The modern-day nation emerged from Sham, an area that historically included Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. Between 2700 and 2200 B.C.E., this area was home to the Ebla kingdom.
现代的叙利亚以前是属于沙姆（Sham）地区，这个地区在历史上还包括了现代的约旦、以色列和黎巴嫩。公元前2700年到2200年间，这个地区是埃布拉王国的家园。
Later, the country's strategic location helped its coastal towns rise to prominence as Phoenician trading posts. It was conquered by the Persians around 500 B.C.E., and by the Greeks in 333 B.C.E. The Romans took over in 64 B.C.E., and established a fortress at Palmyra whose remains still stand in the desert.
后来，该国的战略位置帮助其沿海城镇崛起为腓尼基贸易站。公元前500年左右被波斯人征服，公元前333年被希腊人征服。罗马人于公元前64年占领，并在帕尔米拉建立了一座堡垒，其遗迹仍屹立在沙漠中。
Muslim Arabs conquered Damascus in 635 C.E. Beginning in 1095, Syria was a target of the Crusades, but the Arabs ultimately defeated the Christian invaders. The Turkish Ottoman Empire took control in 1516 and ruled the area for four hundred years.
穆斯林阿拉伯人在公元前635年征服大马士革。从1095年开始，叙利亚成为十字军东征的目标，但阿拉伯人最终击败了基督教侵略者。土耳其奥斯曼帝国于1516年控制了该地区随后统治了它四百年。
That era came to an end in 1920 with the end of World War I, when the French took control of Syria and Lebanon. The French drew a straight-line border to separate this territory from British-ruled Transjordan.
在1920年随着第一次世界大战的结束，当时法国控制了叙利亚和黎巴嫩。法国划定了一条直线边界，将这一地区与英国统治的约旦河分开。
Syria had experienced a brief period of independence from 1918–1920, and was dissatisfied with French rule, which ignored the will of the people and did little for the country as a whole.
叙利亚从1918年到1920年经历了一段短暂的独立时期，但对法国的统治感到不满，法国无视人民的意愿，对整个国家几乎没有任何帮助。
There was a brief insurrection in 1925 and 1926, which the French put down by bombing Damascus. Syria held its first parliamentary elections in 1932. All the candidates were hand-picked by the French, but once elected, they declined the constitution France had proposed for the country.
1925年和1926年发生了一次短暂的暴动，法国轰炸大马士革镇压了暴动。叙利亚于1932年举行了第一次议会选举。所有的候选人都是法国人亲手挑选的，但一旦当选，他们就拒绝了法国为该国提出的宪法。
Anti-French sentiment grew when France turned over control of the Syrian province of Alexandretta to Turkey. It was exacerbated by the promise of independence in 1941, which was not delivered until five years later.
当法国将叙利亚亚历山德拉省的控制权移交给土耳其时，反法情绪高涨。1941年独立的承诺使情况更加恶化，直到五年后才兑现。
After independence, civilian rule was short-lived, and the early 1950s saw a succession of coups, after which Syria formed the United Arab Republic with Egypt in 1958. This represented an effort to keep the Arab states more powerful than Israel, but it disintegrated in 1961, when Syria came to resent the concentration of power in Egypt.
独立后，文官统治短暂，20世纪50年代初接连发生政变，此后叙利亚于1958年与埃及成立阿拉伯联合共和国。这代表着要保持阿拉伯国家比以色列更强大的力量，但1961年叙利亚开始不满埃及的权力集中，阿拉伯国家解体了。
The disbanding was followed by further political instability. The situation was worsened by the Six Day War against Israel in 1967 and the Black September disagreement with Jordan in 1970.
解散之后，政治局势进一步动荡。1967年对以色列的六天战争和1970年与约旦的“黑九月”争端使局势更加恶化。
Hafez al-Assad, the leader of a radical wing of the Arab Socialist party, the Baath, seized control in 1971.
阿拉伯社会党激进派“复兴社会党”领导人哈菲兹·阿萨德（Hafez al-Assad）于1971年夺取了控制权。
During the Gulf War in the early 1990s, the country aligned itself with the anti-Iraq coalition, thus winning the approval of the United States and removing itself from the United States' government's list of nations supporting international terrorism. Hafez al-Assad died in June 2000. The younger of his two sons, Bashar, assumed his father's position.
上世纪90年代初的海湾战争期间，该国与反伊拉克联盟结盟，从而赢得了美国的批准，并从美国政府支持国际恐怖主义的国家名单上除名。哈菲兹·阿萨德于2000年6月去世。他两个儿子中的小儿子巴沙尔继承了父亲的职位。
Syrian Civil War 叙利亚内战
Around July 2011, rebels had formed the Free Syrian Army (FSA). By 2012, Syria was engulfed in a full-blown civil war, and it is estimated that at least 321,000 people have been killed since the start of the war or are missing.
2011年7月左右，叛军组建了自由叙利亚军（FSA）。到2012年，叙利亚陷入全面内战，据估计，自战争开始以来，至少有32.1万人死亡或失踪。
Hundreds of people were killed outside of Damascus in 2013 during a chemical weapons attack. New forces, including the Islamic State (ISIS), joined the fight against the Syrian government.
2013年，数百人在大马士革郊外的一次化学武器袭击中丧生。包括伊斯兰国（ISIS）在内的新势力加入了对叙利亚政府的战斗。
In 2014, ISIS took over large areas of Iraq and Syria. Since that time, U.S.-led forces have strategically bombed ISIS targets throughout the region.
2014年，伊斯兰国占领了伊拉克和叙利亚的大片地区。从那时起，以美国为首的部队在战略上轰炸了整个地区的伊斯兰国目标。
The United States has stated their opposition to the Assad regime but has been reluctant to get deeply involved in the war. While Russia and Iran have declared themselves allies of the Syrian government.
美国已表明反对阿萨德政权，但一直不愿深入卷入这场战争。而俄罗斯和伊朗则宣称自己是叙利亚政府的盟友。
On April 7, 2017, the United States initiated its first direct military action against Assad’s forces after accusing them of carrying out another chemical weapons attack on civilians.
2017年4月7日，美国指责阿萨德军队再次对平民实施化学武器袭击，并首次对其采取直接军事行动。
Syrian Refugees 叙利亚难民
According to the nonprofit organization World Vision, more than 11 million Syrians—roughly half of the country’s population—have been displaced from their homes as of April 2017. Many refugees have moved to neighboring countries such as Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt or Iraq. Others have relocated to areas within Syria itself.
根据非盈利组织“世界展望”（World Vision）的数据，截至2017年4月，超过1100万叙利亚人（约占该国人口的一半）流离失所。许多难民已经转移到邻国，如土耳其、黎巴嫩、约旦、埃及或伊拉克。其他人已经转移到叙利亚境内的地区。
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